Fish

Fish when imported to the pond often lose a lot due to:

- Construction during transportation.

 Stress due to changing living environment.

- Easy to get bacteria and fungi to enter the body.

- Internal parasites disease on snakehead fish caused by hookworm, roundworm, tapeworm parasitizing in fish intestine.

Scientists have not identified the cause of the disease, but only diagnosed the following factors: (1) Fish nutritional imbalance; (2) the stocking density is too thick; (3) End-feeding for a long time continuously; (4) The pond water environment is polluted, there are many environmental toxins, heavy metal contamination and chemical residues; (5) Use antibiotic treatment continuously.

White spots in the internal organs disease of snakehead caused by Aeromonas schubertii bacteria.

- Fish are lethargic, somber disorientation, white, red head, reddened, bleeding under the skin, fins, anus.

Bacterial infections and ectoparasites leading causes of mortalities

The clinical signs of Edwardsiella ictaluri infection in pangasius are numerous white spots on the kidney, spleen and liver.

The freshwater catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is an indigenous fish species in high demand from global consumers. The commercial culture of pangasius in Vietnam provides improved socioeconomic status for thousands of Vietnamese producers.

As in other developing aquaculture ventures, health problems that include disease outbreaks from parasites and bacteria have been encountered. For pangasius, the most important disease problems are caused by the bacteria (Edwardsiella ictaluri), (Aeromonas hydrophila), (A. sobria) and (A. caviae).

Protozoan parasites encountered include organisms of the genera (Microsporidium), (Myxobolus), (Henneguya), (Trypanosoma), (Ichthyonyctus), (Trichodina), (Balantidium) and (Epistylis), as well as IIchthyophthirius multifiliis). Several metazoan parasites and noninfectious problems have also been reported.